Lesser Scaup Population Dynamics: What Can Be Learned from Available Data?

نویسندگان

  • David N. Koons
  • Jay J. Rotella
  • David W. Willey
  • Robert G. Clark
  • Stuart Slattery
  • Rodney W. Brook
  • Robin M. Corcoran
  • James R. Lovvorn
چکیده

Populations of Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) have declined markedly in North America since the early 1980s. When considering alternatives for achieving population recovery, it would be useful to understand how the rate of population growth is functionally related to the underlying vital rates and which vital rates affect population growth rate the most if changed (which need not be those that influenced historical population declines). To establish a more quantitative basis for learning about life history and population dynamics of Lesser Scaup, we summarized published and unpublished estimates of vital rates recorded between 1934 and 2005, and developed matrix life-cycle models with these data for females breeding in the boreal forest, prairie-parklands, and both regions combined. We then used perturbation analysis to evaluate the effect of changes in a variety of vital-rate statistics on finite population growth rate and abundance. Similar to Greater Scaup (Aythya marila), our modeled population growth rate for Lesser Scaup was most sensitive to unit and proportional change in adult female survival during the breeding and non-breeding seasons, but much less so to changes in fecundity parameters. Interestingly, population growth rate was also highly sensitive to unit and proportional changes in the mean of nesting success, duckling survival, and juvenile survival. Given the small samples of data for key aspects of the Lesser Scaup life cycle, we recommend additional research on vital rates that demonstrate a strong effect on population growth and size (e.g., adult survival probabilities). Our life-cycle models should be tested and regularly updated in the future to simultaneously guide science and management of Lesser Scaup populations in an adaptive context. RÉSUMÉ. Les populations de Petit Fuligule (Aythya affinis) montrent un déclin marqué en Amérique du Nord depuis le début des années 1980. Lorsque l'on considère les options permettant de redresser la situation, il serait utile de comprendre la relation fonctionnelle entre le taux d'accroissement de la population et les taux vitaux, de même que les taux vitaux qui affectent le plus ce taux d'accroissement (qui sont présumément ceux qui ont entraîné le déclin historique des effectifs). Afin d'établir un fondement quantitatif pour comprendre l'histoire naturelle et la dynamique des populations de Petit Fuligule, nous avons compilé les estimés (publiés ou non) de taux vitaux mesurés entre 1934 et 2005 et développé à partir de ces données des modèles matriciels de cycle de vie pour les femelles nichant dans la forêt boréale, la forêt-parc des prairies et les deux régions combinées. Ensuite, nous avons utilisé l'analyse des perturbations afin d'évaluer les effets de changements dans divers taux vitaux sur le taux intrinsèque d'accroissement des populations et l'abondance. Comme chez le Fuligule milouinan (Aythya marila), le taux d'accroissement des populations obtenu pour le Petit Fuligule était particulièrement sensible aux variations unitaires ou proportionnelles du taux de survie des femelles adultes durant la saison de nidification ou le reste de l'année, mais beaucoup moins sensible aux variations des paramètres de fécondité. Curieusement, le taux d'accroissement des Montana State University, Canadian Wildlife Service, Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, University of Wyoming Avian Conservation and Ecology Écologie et conservation des oiseaux 1(3): 6 http://www.ace-eco.org/vol1/iss3/art6/ populations était aussi très sensible aux variations unitaires ou proportionnelles du succès d'éclosion moyen et des taux de survie des canetons ou des juvéniles. Étant donné les faibles effectifs d'échantillons disponibles pour certains aspects-clé du cycle de vie du Petit Fuligule, nous recommandons que des travaux additionnels soient effectués sur les taux vitaux qui ont une influence majeure sur l'accroissement des populations et leur effectif (ex. taux de survie des adultes). Nos modèles de cycle de vie devraient être testés et mis à jour régulièrement afin de guider l'étude et la gestion des populations de Petit Fuligule dans un contexte adaptatif.

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تاریخ انتشار 2006